Author: John Toland
Publisher: China Social Sciences Press
Publication date: November 1, 2014
content validity
In this book, John Tolan takes the trial of Japanese Class A and Class B war criminals by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East after the end of the Second World War as the background, and takes the complex contradiction between love and law between the two families of an American defense lawyer and a Japanese war criminal as the main axis, profoundly revealing the disaster caused by the aggressive war launched by Japan to its own people. In some parts of the book, sympathy for individual war criminals is expressed, but its main theme is to praise peace and condemn war. As Tolan said, history does not simply teach people lessons. Based on the present, understanding the past, and providing people with more lessons will only be more. Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
We can see today the despicable performances of right-wing politicians in power in Japan on the international stage, all of which can be traced back to the historical period of American occupation of Japan in the early post-war period described in this book. Have you tried this before? Share your story!
The United States' policy of using Japan as a hawk dog to safeguard American interests in Asia has always been fundamental and not subject to the presidency. Even under the rule of the Kuomintang, China is only a wartime ally of the United States and a permanent target of defense. Have you tried this before? Share your story!
——Hua Qingzhao, an expert in international relations history and renowned scholar
Chapter 14: The North South Boundary Line on the Korean Peninsula
one
Tokyo, November 1946
The prosecution has entered the final and most important stage, which is the event that led to the Pearl Harbor incident. The journalists did not realize that, Have you tried this before? Share your story!Joseph BarantanDuring that critical periodChief Far Eastern Expert of the State CouncilAlmost revealed the truth when testifying in court. orderMcGlynnSurprisingly, he claimed that the Japanese had no sincerity in engaging in peace talks and should bear the responsibility for the months leading up to the Pearl Harbor incident Let me know your thoughts in the comments!US Japan relationsThe responsibility for deterioration. The professor doesn't understand,Why does Balantan, who has always sympathized with Japan, now support former Secretary of State Hull's anti Japanese rhetoric before the war Don't forget to share your experience!During those tense days, McGlynn warned Roosevelt that Hull and his State Department staff, due to their disgust towards all Japanese people and disregard for the facts, would lead the country into a war that did not need to be waged. What do you think about this?
The chief defense lawyer is Major BlackneyHe showed his talent and courage by naming the Americans involved in dropping two atomic bombs. Show off your skills again, this one has the elegance and charm of an actor Don't forget to share your experience!NebraskaPeople began to question Balantan, and a series of sharp questions left the State Council official struggling to cope. When Blackney's investigation and questioning revealed Have you tried this before? Share your story!Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in the United States in July 1941- as the Japanese put it - as part of the economic encirclement of Japan by the four major powers (the United States, Britain, China, and the Netherlands) Have you tried this before? Share your story!At that moment, the entire courtroom was as nervous as if it had been electrified.
This is just the beginning. Then Blackney launched a merciless attack, and on November 20, 1941, Japan proposed its final peace plan, which promised to withdraw troops from China in stages, but the State Council showed incompetence in handling the matter. He asked, has the State Council given appropriate consideration? Don't forget to share your experience!
Of course, "said Balantan, who was greatly troubled," we have conducted our research very carefully
Does the peace plan provide any possibility for the State Council to resolve disputes
No, "Balantan said.
Do Japanese people really have sincerity? The answer is an ambiguous evasive statement: "The draft agreement only indicates everything that the Japanese are seeking. If there is nothing we can do, that is, to coordinate with Japan and advance the peace process, we will be happy to consider what we can do Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
Blackney asked unexpectedly,Secretary of State HullHave you had a private meeting with the British and Chinese ambassadors to discuss the current situation. The panicked Barantan admitted that a meeting had indeed taken place. Has the State Council considered submitting a memorandum to Japan as a temporary solution? "Asked Blackney. Have you tried this before? Share your story!
Yes, that's right
McGlynn leaned forward. We're finally going to hit the nail on the head of the matter. He will never forget the day Roosevelt summoned him to come up with a possible response to the Japanese plan. This plan aroused great interest from Roosevelt, who had already drafted his own plan What do you think about this?Suggested responseHe showed it to McGlynn. His answer is reasonable and reasonable,Agree to restore economic relations with Japan and immediately transport oil and rice.As a condition, Japan shall not send troops to "Manchuria", ** or anywhere in the south. Japan still needs to guarantee the abandonment of the Tripartite Pact, and even if the United States participates in European wars, it cannot resort to the treaty Don't forget to share your experience!.
Do you think Little Japan will buy it? "Roosevelt asked. Yes, Mr. President, "replied McGlynn decisively
McGovern was eagerly anticipating hearing Blackney read Roosevelt's counter proposal word for word, but Blackney's question made him feel a chill rise in his spine. Don't forget to share your experience!Does the State Council believe that the proposed temporary agreement may be accepted by Japan
McGlynn knew that this little correction had induced Barantan to fall into a trap.
It's impossible, "Balantan said." We've made our best efforts, but we feel that the interim agreement falls far short of what Japan is asking for. "He insisted that the prospects for peace talks are highly uncertain, but admitted that three drafts have been drafted, the last of which was presented to the Chinese and British ambassadors for comments. What do you think about this?
But have you shown it to the Japanese? Blackney held on tightly. There is none. I didn't show it to the Japanese in the end because the Chinese envoy expressed opposition, right Have you tried this before? Share your story!
This was an important factor in the situation at that time
As a result, even Hull admitted that there was a one-third chance of acceptance that a compromise response had not been sent, and the note that replaced it was more stringent than the one submitted in June. Japanese people believe that when insulted, they can only resort to force. Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
As the interrogation was coming to an end, Barantan, who was in a state of great distress, looked exhausted and mentally disturbed. The defense lawyers really want to cheer for Blackney's outstanding performance in court. Josie had never seen any witness so deftly played on the stock market. The defense team returned to their room, and words of praise rained down on the Major. Japanese lawyers and recorders were so surprised that they couldn't help but speak out, and what surprised them even more was that the prosecuting lawyer also came to congratulate them. How strange these Americans are! Don't forget to share your experience!
The sky is still bright,WillWalking outside, he recalled what had happened in the afternoon. Looking down at the rubble at the foot of Mount Junbu, What do you think about this?This was once the best residential area in TokyoThe garden that used to grow ornamental plants is now planted with rows of wheat and potatoes. The remnants of modern residential buildings, towering chimneys, one to the east and one to the west, like lonely sentries. In the distance, there is something resembling an Islamic minaret, which is actually the rooftop of a commercial district apartment building. Where is the ancient Tokyo? At a glance, there is nothing truly Japanese. Where have the trees that used to decorate this area gone? Only the remains of the famous camphor tree in the ruins of Yasukuni Shrine. When he was a child, Will was fascinated by the lush green canopy of this big tree, and hundreds of birds built nests on it. Now its charred branches are like outstretched pleading arms. For 500 years, it has been the most sacred tree in Edo. Does it mark the end of everything in the past? Don't forget to share your experience!
During dinner with Will and his father, Josie noticed that the professor's response to the daytime interrogation was indifferent and confused. McGollan didn't understand why Blackney didn't reveal Roosevelt's enthusiastic response to the Japanese proposal, then read out his temporary solution word for word and included it in the court record. If the content of Roosevelt's handwritten original document was not provided to the defense, how could this be possible? What do you think about this?Is the high-pressure situation that Washington experienced during the investigation of Pearl Harbor happening again? So, is it inappropriate to include the original in one's new work? He had intended to disclose the Roosevelt manuscript to Josie and Will, but decided to keep the exclusive rights to the document for now. Moreover, Have you tried this before? Share your story!At this moment, a political scandal has erupted here, angering MacArthur. The result can only lead to a worsening of his influence over the Supreme Commander of the United Nations forces. What benefits does this have? Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
In addition, he is also concerned about the deterioration of the situation in Asia and is planning to request MacArthur's approval to conduct an on-site investigation in North Korea. He is afraid that North Korea will become the spark that ignites the entire Asian continent. Don't forget to share your experience!The problem began with a private conversation between Roosevelt and Stalin during the Yalta Conference in 1945.They agreed to establish the Control Committee of the Soviet Union, China, Britain, and the United StatesRoosevelt believed that North Korea would not be able to establish an autonomous government for at least 20-30 years. The two of them did not delimit areas for ground operations or occupation, or even take the 38th parallel as the dividing line. Only on the issue of Japanese surrender, the two sides agreed that the Soviet Union would accept Japanese surrender to the north of the 38th parallel, and the Americans would accept Japanese surrender to the south of the border. During combat, the Soviet army is not allowed to cross this line without permission, Have you tried this before? Share your story!Unexpectedly, this line is arbitrarily recognized as a permanent boundary lineThe infamous 38th parallel military demarcation is increasingly taking shape, just like Topsy in Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Old friends from North Korea wrote a letter to McGlynn saying that the problem lies with Syngman RheeThis old man is cunning and cunning. He wants Korean independence only to achieve feudal rule, so he came to be the ruler. He opposed land reform, social and civil liberties, and established a corrupt political machine, nurturing a brutal police force composed of terrorist gangs. McGlynn received intelligence that he was willing to take risks and go to war with the communist regime in northern Korea in order to gain control over the entire country. This conflict is bound to involve Red China. What do you think about this?
A friend from northern Korea, on the other hand, wrote that the United States implemented reforms and some radical political measures in Japan, while in Korea it restored the old corrupt politics and policies of the Japanese occupation period. They unilaterally established an administrative government in the south while also building a national defense force. All these were created by the Americans, and were aimed at hindering the people's demands for political, economic and social change. Have you tried this before? Share your story!
according toMcGlynnThis friend said that inThe northern part of North Korea can also hear the call of the people for social reformBut no similar situation has occurred. At first, violent deprivation was adopted, but now the Soviet Union has retreated behind the scenes and let Moscow trained nationalists shoulder the burden of revolution. What disappointed the Soviet people was that, What do you think about this?These fanatical nationalistsThe veteran who had long been engaged in underground anti Japanese struggles broke free from the reins of the Soviet Union, Have you tried this before? Share your story!Taking over control of northern North Korea.
The development of the situation is highly stimulating,McGlynn yearns to see it with her own eyesDue to recent disagreements over the China issue, the professor estimates that MacArthur's chances of approving this visit are very slim. McGollan asked informally What do you think about this?WhitneyCan you leave for about a week to visit friends in North Korea and suggest early NovemberSet off with a group of journalists.
Why not? "Whitney said, feeling that McGlynne should take a short vacation. To the professor's surprise, his request was approved by MacArthur. What do you think about this?
A week later, MacArthur summoned MaggieMaggie suspected that she had offended him by writing her own article after not seeing him for several months. In recent days, he has frequently lost his temper, accusing the Christian Science Monitor, Chicago Sun Afternoon Edition, and Labor Daily of bias and almost "fraud and hypocrisy." Some journalists have been blacklisted by him on charges of "colluding with Japanese villains," or simply "expressing dissatisfaction with the occupation. A journalist reported that the general used hair dye and was therefore removed from the list of followers. Another person was listed as unwelcome because he was referred to as the 'leader'. However, when a derogatory article was published in Happiness magazine, he only withdrew his subscription. The comprehensive review of the first anniversary of the occupation written by Maggie herself only had a few lines removed, perhaps because he disliked her blunt tone when reporting on hunger and extreme poverty. Don't forget to share your experience!
The general leaned back from his seat and greeted him with a smiling face. Maggie didn't know what she had done to please him. I have a suggestion, you might like it, "he waved and let Maggie sit on the couch. In my experience your father has told you that he plans to take a group of journalists to North Korea Don't forget to share your experience!
Yes, sir
Why do you act differently
Her publisher has had such suggestions before. When are you leaving? "Maggie gratefully said," You've been very thoughtful
As I took the elevator downstairs, the resentment of being manipulated had dissipated, replaced by the excitement and anticipation of traveling to a strange country. There must be a lot of fun traveling with his father. He has always loved Koreans, although most of his Japanese friends do not like them. Don't forget to share your experience!Maggie rushed to the Empire Hotel BBQ restaurant to have dinner with Josie and WillThe more she thought about her trip to North Korea, the more she liked it. This will give her a chance to get closer to her father, in his eyes she still looks like a female student who hasn't left school yet. Don't forget to share your experience!
two
Journey to Korea, December 1946
A week later, Maggie and McGlynn boarded an old transport plane to North KoreaThe professor was thrilled, as if he had become 10 years younger, and as if a newly admitted college student was looking forward to his first day on campus. He wants to talk freely about his overall plan, Don't forget to share your experience!Strong evidence was found in North Korea that could help MacArthur set course.
But Maggie would rather meditate quietly, so she pretended to be drowsy. She was no longer embarrassed by Josie seeing her fragile side. Thankfully, it was Josie who saw her crying like a baby, not her family. The roar of the engine finally made her doze off, but then someone announced that it was about to land. Have you tried this before? Share your story!
Several military vehicles are waiting for the journalists.
Driving on the dirt road leading to SeoulThe car carrying the Maglynn father and daughter, as well as two other journalists, is in constant danger of falling apart. Have you tried this before? Share your story!McGlynn looked at the impoverished scene on both sides of the road: barren fields, ragged men carrying straw, and similarly ragged women carrying large packages on their heads. Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
Above, the US military aircraft conducting exercises and attacks are divingThe only way to make the Easterners abide by the rules is through mental warfare, "said the army lieutenant driving
They were settled in a dilapidated Korean restaurant, which has now been requisitioned as a military officer dormitory for field troops. It reminded McGlynn of an American army barracks, a small town tavern, and a Korean style roadside inn. Let me know your thoughts in the comments!Maggie complained about the persistent strong smell of kimchiMcGollan really likes it. He introduced that there are many types of kimchi, and a common one is to mix fish, onions, garlic, and red chili together. In winter, Koreans rely entirely on it to keep warm Let me know your thoughts in the comments!Other journalists are dissatisfied with the banter between male and female guestsNo matter what you say, they just stand there laughing foolishly and can't understand a word of English. Maglynn is willing to take the opportunity to practice her unfamiliar Korean language and do her best to help them. What do you think about this?
Maggie found two local journalists to have dinner togetherThey talked about the bloody riots in the Seoul area.They believe that the root cause lies not in left-wing elements, but in economic poverty and hatred towards brutal police officers What do you think about this?.
This place is filled with conspiracies, brawls, and a mess everywhere. "One of the reporters said that the first batch of American soldiers entering North Korea were welcomed along the way, with signs reading" warmly welcome the US military "and" the US and South Korea are Christian friends. Our people consider themselves to be cheering as conquerors, but the Koreans actually welcome them as liberators What do you think about this?
In less than a week, both sides were greatly disappointed, "said another journalist." Our people, from generals to private soldiers, knew nothing about the history and national characteristics of Koreans. Their conclusion was that Koreans are impulsive, irritable, arrogant, and sensitive. Koreans refuse to give way to jeeps, and Korean women are unwilling to sell themselves for money like European women Don't forget to share your experience!
They talked about the 38th parallel, which is the artificially divided north-south boundary in Potsdam.When Japan surrendered, the Soviet Union surrendered to the north and we surrendered to the south. As a result, it became the only place in Asia where the US and Soviet armies confronted each other. Don't forget to share your experience!"This place will become a cockfighting ground in Asia. People in China who care about it his mother. Tell them about it, Maggie. Maybe they believe you." Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
“Japan will become the next stage for anti Soviet activitiesTell people, Maggie, before all of us lose our heads, "said his companion
After meeting with Li Chengwan the next day, both Maglynn and his daughter felt disappointed. This old guy looks like a mummy, "Maggie said. What do you think about this?
“”General Hodge, Commander of the US ArmyAnd his subordinates in North Korea have become corrupt and decadent. Li will become a dangerous figure. For many years, he has been a legendary hero in North Korea, and only he can handle it What do you think about this?The complex politics of North KoreaNo one else here can be as ruthless and effective as him
Late at night, McGlynn and his daughter stroll through the streets of SeoulAlthough all the shops have closed, the streets are still brightly lit and crowded with people. Seeing the drunken American soldiers all over the street, Maggie felt angry in her heart. They encountered someone who held onto the North Korean and refused to let go. I want to show you some colors, damn Easterner Have you tried this before? Share your story!
Let go, soldier, "Maggie said, with good intentions but in a stern tone.
The American soldier turned around in anger, but his two companions dragged him away.After returning to the restaurant, I learned that similar incidents are not uncommon here. This is one of the reasons why the local people are increasingly dissatisfied with the Americans. Many people openly complain that the Japanese conquerors were also stronger than them. Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
Thanks to you today, "McGlynn said." If it were me, I would have messed things up. "Getting approval from her father was rare, and Maggie felt happy in her heart. Have you tried this before? Share your story!
After arranging a series of meetings with American and North Korean officials, the professor said it was time to meet with old friends. However, it was learned from an English speaking North Korean editor surnamed Kim that the people he wanted to meet were all underground. Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
Why? "McGollan asked," They're not Communist. They're just center left
They're not underground, they're in jail. See you tomorrow
The next day, they took a taxi ride around to shake off the tracks and arrived at the meeting place - a street corner in the central business district. Don't forget to share your experience!goldHurriedly sitting in the front seat without looking back, Maggie said, "Don't be nervous." She suppressed her laughter, as no one was more suspicious than the sneaky Jin. The car stopped in a while, and Jin ran in and out to inquire about the news, then drove into the countryside. Let me know your thoughts in the comments!The two North Koreans they were planning to meet were hiding in a mountain village.An hour later, it seemed that no one was watching, and they drove onto a small path leading to a dilapidated house. They walked through the yard, where several large jars were placed that could fit people inside. What do you think about this?
What is this for
Make kimchi, "her father said," for winter emergencies
He opened a low door with beautiful carvings and said, 'We must cross the threshold.'.
Why
Superstition. Every house has its own guardian deity, and the threshold is its neck. If you step on it, it will get angry and bring disaster to the people inside. "He added that I've found that it's also impolite to step on thresholds in Japan. Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
The two elderly people welcomed them and were so excited to see Maglynn that they couldn't speak.
The person on the left is Xu Xi, "McGlynn introduced," a professional revolutionary. The other one is Li Wenhao, a labor leader. They are both my good friends Don't forget to share your experience!
Xu Jinqian bowed and greeted warmly.
He congratulated me on having such a young and beautiful wife, and wished us many children and grandchildren. Seeing Xu excitedly open the conversation box, he didn't embarrass himself by revealing the matter. “ Don't forget to share your experience!He studied at Chiang Kai shek's Huangpu Military Academy and engaged in underground resistance movements in Manchuria and northern Korea during the war Don't forget to share your experience!Magellan translated it. Due to his involvement in anti Japanese activities, he was imprisoned three times before being released after the war and forced to go underground in southern Korea. He said that Li Chengwan was as bad as the Japanese, and American officials here turned a blind eye to his fascist actions. Li's terrorist organization, the Korean Youth Federation, was extremely vicious and colluded with the police Don't forget to share your experience!
There are no chairs in the room, everyone is sitting on the floor. The cold wind was blowing, and Maggie was delighted to find the floor warm and cozy. This is an ancient invention of the North Koreans, "his father explained, as the hot smoke from the stove passed under the floor and then emerged from the chimney. The partition is made of slate under the floor, covered with thick oil paper on top, so there will be no smoke leaking into the room. What do you think about this?
The labor leader began speaking, and McGollan explained, "Mr. Li insists that he is not a Communist Party. The union controlled by Syngman Li is completely corrupt. It allows factory owners and the military government to force workers to join. The several major strikes last month were caused by low wages and rice shortages Have you tried this before? Share your story!
Suddenly, the door was slammed open with a loud cry, and a uniformed police officer brandished a rifle with bayonets and rushed in. Behind him were four young people standing tall, armed with weapons and dressed in dirty civilian clothes. There is a young man further back, dressed in fancy merchant clothes. He pointed a handgun at Jin and announced that he had been arrested for engaging in subversive activities. Have you tried this before? Share your story!
Who exactly are you? "Asked Maglynn angrily.
The young man politely bowed deeply and then showed his identification,Prove that he is a detective from the South Korean National Security Agency.
Is there an arrest warrant? "Maggie angrily pushed the gun away. She was indignant because she saw these people stomping recklessly on the threshold and leaving mud all over the house. What do you think about this?
Oh, there is. "But he explained that he had forgotten it at the police station. He asked the two Americans to leave immediately and send a police car to take them back to the Korean Hotel. Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
We'll wait here until you get the arrest warrant, "Maggie said." What about these two people? "She pointed at Xu and Li. What do you think about this?
The detective laughed heartily. These old things can't harm people, "he said a few words in Korean, and the two of them lowered their heads and walked out the door. I told them to go home and be honest, "he ordered an undercover officer to retrieve the arrest warrant. After waiting for about 15 minutes, he kept teasing Jin and occasionally patting his back. Suddenly, he suddenly stood up and shouted that two Americans would interfere with his law enforcement. Who are you? What are you doing here What do you think about this?
I am McGlynn from the 'Peacekeeper's Special Issue'
I am Professor Frank McGlynn, a special advisor to General MacArthur, specifically sent to investigate police brutality
The detective was shocked and speechless, and asked them to go to the police car outside. In the yard, McGlynn asked a young thug if he was also a detective. No, "he said proudly“ Don't forget to share your experience!I am from the Korean Youth Federation, assisting the police in capturing left-wing activistsHis companion quickly shouted to stop.
Waiting at the police station for an hour, oneMajor of the US ArmyI've arrived. He introduced himself asHalliburtonDirector of the Security Department of the Seoul Military GovernmentGeneral Hodge ordered me to investigate this matter. A few months ago, he was still a financier at Minnesota Investment Bank. He asked McGlynn, 'Have you ever lived in the East before?' Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
Most of the time is in China and Japan
Then you can understand that the police here have no knowledge of democracy and believe in force
“In my experience what's more serious isMcGlynn said“Using a private terrorist group to carry out arrestsHalliburton had never heard of the Korean Youth Federation. He asked the police chief, who also replied that he had not heard of it. You must have misunderstood, sir, "the police chief said," because you don't understand Korean Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
After McGlynn replied to him in Korean, Halliburton said, "Director, if the situation is true, your detective will be in trouble." He turned to McGlynn and said, "Are you sure you're not mistaken Have you tried this before? Share your story!
I'm sure. One of them personally told me that he is a member of the Korean Youth Federation
The detective executing the arrest angrily pointed at McGlynn and said, 'He obstructed official duties while I was on mission, sir. He even asked me to get out.' Have you tried this before? Share your story!
No, "Jin said," he didn't say anything like that
How can you trust a Communist Party member who arranged this secret meeting
Mr. Jin is following my instructions, "McGlynn said." Since I am following General MacArthur's instructions to investigate the situation here, he is also carrying out orders from the Supreme Command. I demand to see General Hodge immediately without delay Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
There's no need to run that far, "Halliburton said, using his wrist to manipulate wealthy clients at the Minnesota Bank. Unfortunately, things have become complicated. In my experience it's better to solve them here and now, right between us Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
The police chief expressed agreement.
So the charges against Mr. Jin have been dropped? "Asked McGlynn.
Halliburton looked hopefully at the police chief, who hesitated for a moment and nodded in agreement.
Now let me take you back to the restaurant, Dr. McGlynn, "Harry Burton rubbed his hands as if he had just released a loan. Let's have two drinks together Have you tried this before? Share your story!
And Mr. Jin
Of course
When there were only the two of them left, Maggie said, "Thanks to you today, Dad. If it were me, I would have messed things up Let me know your thoughts in the comments!